Ars-Cartae.com
SOCA - ISONZO BATTLES
The Alpine Trenches Warfare
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At the end of the nineteenth century Italy joined the alliance between Germany and Austria. But in the wake of the first world war it decided to leave it. In 1915 Italy was promised (by a secret addition to a London agreement) ethnically mixed area of Triest and Istra and some large portions of Slovenian and Croatian territory (all of them then belonging to Austria) for joining the Entente. So in May Italian troops attacked Austria.
The front line extended from Swiss border on the west to the Adriatic sea on the East, passing mountain peaks somewhere higher than 3000 metres. In this regard this was a unique front line in human history. The advance across the Brenner pass would appear the most logical move. But the approaches to Brenner were heavily fortified. And since it was fearing the German counterattack from Bavaria, Italian high command under general Luigi Cadorna made it's strategic goal a conquest of Triest and an advance along the line Ljubljana - Graz - Vienna. So Italian main strike was aimed across the Soca river. But the chosen tactics of conquering and securing peaks first before advancing further proved extremely costly and relatively inefficient. The front line stabilised on the hills above the river and apart the conquests of the city of Gorica and the peak of Krn bloody attacks brought little results. Still, by 1917 (and after 11 Italian offensives) Austrian defenders under fieldmarshal Svetozar Borojevic von Bojna were exhausted and feared the collapse of their front. They asked Gernmans to help them. In November 1917 their combined forces attacked between the cities of Bovec and Tolmin. Among German officers was also Erwin Rommel, then leftenant, who later became famous as a WW2 general. After gas attack and very short artillery fire they launched the attack, taking advantage of every opening and advancing, disregarding reserves and supplies. This was in fact the first example of blitzkrieg. This unusual tactics caught Italians unprepared and after two Austro-German wedges joined at Kobarid (Caporetto) the entire front collapsed. Italians pulled to the Piave river and after two years of heavy fighting Soska fronta or Isonzo Front was over. It left behind wretched homes and countless military graveyards as well as kilometres and kilometres of military roads, horse trails, stairways and galleries cut in the rocks, countless rolls of barbed wire, portions, helmets, bottles, stoves and guns. And of course many, many bones of misfortunate participants. |
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| Red line marks the position of the front line at Soca during 1915-1917. The green arrow depicts Italian goals while the blue arrow indicates the direction of Austro-German offensive in November 1917. Dark lines mark the present day borders. |
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The Krn massif was regarded as one of the strategic points and therefore heavily fought over. The peak of Krn (on the left) was taken by Italians, while the rest of the ridge remained Austrian. |
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The fort of Kluze was controlling the passage from the Soca river valley to Tarvisio and Carinthia since middle ages. Destroyed by French in 1797 it was rebuilt by Austrians in the second half of the nineteenth century. During the WW1 it served as a headquarters and survived the war untouched. The other fort, located above Kluze and called Fort Herman wasn't so lucky. Italian artillery destroyed it in the first days of the war. |
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Mrzli vrh is the last peak in the Krn ridge. This stairway was built by Italians for easy passage of the troops towards the trenches at the top. Note the Italian helmet at the bottom. Incredible amount of material was brought here and left by both armies and many military items can still be found among the rocks despite the eighty years of intense "cleaning". |
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Soldiers would often build some makeshift chapels like this one at Zagreben. |
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Some chapels and churches were built along the front line by the army too. This one is Italian under Mt. Krn. |
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At Javorca under Mrzli vrh Austrian soldiers built this splendid art-nouveau chapel as a monument to their comrades fallen on the ridge. |
RELEVANT LINKS
Kobariski muzej (Museum of Caporetto)
IR87 Association (Solkan)
Soska fronta Association (Slovenian only)
WW1 remnants on Kars (Slovenian only)
Dreznica (Krn battlefield) (Slovenian only)
Grande Guerra (Italian only)
Societą Storica per la Guerra Bianca
Kriegsarchiv Wien (Germnan only)
Das Heeresgeschichtliche Museum
Dolomitenfreunde
Italian Front
Alpine Front
Portal Soska Fronta (Slovenian only)
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of Alpe-Adria regions (Slovenia, NE Italy, Croatia...)
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